Securing the Future: AI-Powered Security and Surveillance in the UAE

Introduction: The use of AI in public safety and national security

In an increasingly interconnected and complex world, robust public safety and national security are paramount. Nations globally face evolving threats, from sophisticated cyber-attacks to urban security challenges, demanding innovative solutions beyond traditional paradigms. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force, offering unprecedented capabilities to enhance vigilance, optimize response, and proactively mitigate risks. Its application in public safety and national security is rapidly redefining protection, promising a future where societies are safer and more resilient. AI integration represents a paradigm shift, moving security from reactive measures to proactive, intelligence-driven prevention, critical in an era of asymmetric, transnational, and technologically sophisticated threats.

Historically, security relied on human observation and manual analysis. However, the sheer volume and velocity of modern information, coupled with complex threats, render traditional methods insufficient. AI-powered systems, with advanced algorithms and machine learning, process vast data with remarkable speed and accuracy, identifying patterns, anomalies, and threats imperceptible to human analysis. This technological prowess spans predictive policing, intelligent surveillance, border control, critical infrastructure protection, and cyber defense. By automating routine tasks—like monitoring CCTV feeds or sifting digital communications—and providing actionable insights, AI empowers security forces to allocate resources efficiently, respond precisely, and ultimately safeguard populations effectively. The global market for AI in security is projected for exponential growth, reflecting its potential to revolutionize threat detection and response. This growth is driven by advancements in deep learning, computer vision, and natural language processing, enabling AI systems to perform complex analytical tasks, from identifying suspicious packages to detecting financial cybercrime anomalies. AI’s ability to fuse data from disparate sources—CCTV, social media, sensor networks, public records—creates a comprehensive operational picture, enhancing situational awareness for security agencies. This holistic view allows early detection of emerging threats and effective deployment of countermeasures, bolstering national resilience against terrorism, organized crime, and public health crises.

However, AI deployment in sensitive areas demands careful balance between enhanced security and fundamental considerations of privacy, civil liberties, and ethical governance. The global discourse on AI in security focuses on maximizing protective potential while establishing robust frameworks for responsible, transparent implementation. This delicate equilibrium is crucial for fostering public trust and ensuring AI serves societal betterment, not unintended consequences. International bodies and national governments actively develop guidelines and regulations to address ethical quandaries, aiming for a future where AI is powerful and principled. The challenge lies in developing agile yet robust regulatory sandboxes and ethical AI frameworks that keep pace with rapid technological advancements while protecting human rights. This often involves multi-stakeholder dialogues—technologists, ethicists, legal experts, civil society—to forge consensus on acceptable norms. Without such frameworks, public confidence risks erosion, potentially leading to unintended societal harms and undermining the very security AI is designed to enhance.

Against this backdrop, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) proactively embraces AI as a cornerstone of its national development and security strategy. Driven by an ambitious vision to become a global leader in technological innovation and a beacon of safety, the UAE has made significant investments in AI infrastructure and applications. Its strategic partnerships, particularly with countries possessing advanced AI capabilities, underscore a pragmatic approach to leveraging cutting-edge technology for its citizens and residents. This report delves into the UAE’s journey integrating AI into its security apparatus, focusing on cooperation with China, a key global AI player. It explores technological advancements, strategic implications, ethical considerations, and the delicate balance between security and privacy defining this evolving partnership, offering insights into a model of future-oriented national security. The report will further examine how the UAE navigates geopolitical currents surrounding AI, ensuring strategic autonomy while benefiting from global technological advancements, and how this unique collaboration shapes global security paradigms. The UAE’s experience provides valuable lessons on how a nation can strategically position itself at the nexus of technological innovation and national security, fostering a secure environment in an increasingly complex world.

The UAE’s Security Landscape: A Vision for a Safe and Secure Society

The United Arab Emirates has long distinguished itself as a nation deeply committed to fostering a secure and stable environment for its citizens, residents, and visitors. This commitment is not merely a policy objective but a foundational pillar of its national identity and economic prosperity. The UAE’s proactive approach to security is evident in its continuous investment in advanced technologies, robust legal frameworks, and strategic international partnerships, all aimed at maintaining its reputation as one of the safest countries globally. This dedication to security is deeply embedded in the national psyche, reflecting a leadership vision that prioritizes the well-being and safety of its populace. The nation’s low crime rates and high quality of life are direct testaments to the effectiveness of these comprehensive security measures.

At the heart of the UAE’s forward-looking security posture is its ambitious UAE AI Strategy 2031. Launched with the explicit goal of positioning the nation as a global leader in artificial intelligence, this strategy transcends economic diversification, embedding AI as a critical enabler for enhancing public safety and national security across multiple domains [1]. The strategy outlines a comprehensive framework designed to achieve the UAE Centennial 2071 objectives, making the UAE a frontrunner in AI investments and creating new markets with high economic value. Crucially, it seeks to boost government performance through integrated smart digital systems, with a significant emphasis on full AI integration into medical and security services. This strategic foresight recognizes that AI is not just a tool for economic growth but a fundamental component of modern governance and societal protection.

Elaborating on the strategic objectives, the UAE AI Strategy 2031 directly underscores its profound security implications across various critical sectors. For instance, in the transport sector, AI is envisioned to significantly reduce accidents and cut operational costs, contributing to safer urban environments and more efficient traffic management, including AI-powered traffic monitoring and autonomous vehicle safety systems. In the health sector, AI aims to minimize chronic and dangerous diseases through predictive analytics and early diagnosis, enhancing national resilience. The space sector benefits from AI through accurate experiment execution and reduced costly mistakes, crucial for satellite security and data integrity. In renewable energy, AI optimizes facility management, ensuring stable and secure operation of critical energy infrastructure. For water resources, AI facilitates analysis for sustainable sources, vital for national security in arid regions. Across technology, AI is expected to increase productivity and optimize spending, bolstering resources for security initiatives and fostering robust digital defense. In education, AI seeks to cut costs and enhance educational desire, building a skilled workforce for future security innovations. Finally, in the environment, AI aims to increase forestation rates, contributing to ecological security, and in traffic management, it seeks to reduce accidents and jams, leading to more effective policies and safer roads. The formation of the UAE AI Council, coupled with workshops and initiatives for government bodies, demonstrates a concerted effort to build indigenous capabilities and ensure a unified, technologically advanced approach to security challenges.

Furthermore, the UAE’s commitment to attracting global AI talent and investment is a testament to its long-term vision. The establishment of the Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI) in 2019, the world’s first graduate-level research AI university, signifies a profound dedication to nurturing a knowledge-based economy and fostering cutting-edge research that can directly contribute to security innovations [2]. MBZUAI’s global cooperation model, with Chinese involvement from figures like Andrew Chi-Chi Yao of Tsinghua University and Dr. Wan Limin of Alibaba, highlights the international nature of this endeavor. Similarly, SenseTime Group established its EMEA R&D Headquarters in Abu Dhabi in 2019, supported by the Abu Dhabi Investment Office (ADIO) under the Ghadan 21 Accelerator Programme, highlighting the UAE’s success in drawing leading AI companies. This partnership aims to develop AI capabilities across various industries, including those with direct security applications, and is expected to create hundreds of highly-skilled engineering jobs [3]. The $5 Billion China-UAE Partnership forged in 2025 further solidifies this commitment, with G42 partnering with Chinese tech giants for machine learning, big data, and smart city solutions, alongside joint research initiatives and talent exchange programs [4]. This partnership is aligned with China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Abu Dhabi’s expansion plans, aiming to boost the UAE’s non-oil GDP contribution and create thousands of jobs.

The UAE’s security landscape is thus characterized by a dynamic interplay of strategic vision, technological adoption, and international collaboration. By proactively integrating AI into its national fabric, the UAE is not only enhancing its immediate security capabilities but also laying the groundwork for a future where technology serves as a powerful ally in safeguarding society and promoting sustainable development. This forward-thinking approach positions the UAE as a compelling case study in leveraging AI for comprehensive national security, demonstrating a holistic strategy that encompasses technological innovation, economic diversification, and human capital development. The nation’s consistent efforts to stay ahead of emerging threats, coupled with its openness to global partnerships, ensure its continued leadership in fostering a secure and prosperous environment.

China’s AI Security Solutions: A Global Leader in Advanced Technologies

China has rapidly ascended as a global powerhouse in AI, particularly in security and surveillance. Its comprehensive national AI strategy, coupled with significant government and private sector investment, has fostered an ecosystem producing some of the world’s most advanced AI-powered security solutions. These technologies are transforming China’s domestic security landscape and are increasingly sought by nations worldwide, including the UAE, to enhance public safety. The scale and speed of China’s AI development in security are unparalleled, driven by a national imperative to maintain social stability and economic growth through technological means, leading to a robust domestic market that fuels further innovation.

Chinese AI companies have pioneered sophisticated applications across various security facets. Facial recognition technology, for instance, has seen widespread deployment and continuous refinement. Firms like SenseTime and Hikvision have developed highly accurate and efficient facial recognition systems capable of real-time identification, even in challenging environments. These systems are integral to smart city initiatives, enhancing public safety through rapid identification, access control, and tracking of persons of interest. Their applications extend from securing public spaces, transportation hubs, and critical infrastructure to facilitating seamless urban management, including smart attendance and VIP recognition. Continuous improvements in accuracy and speed, often leveraging deep learning, make them powerful tools for modern security challenges.

Beyond facial recognition, smart surveillance systems form another cornerstone of China’s AI security offerings. These systems leverage AI to analyze vast video data streams, automatically detecting anomalies, suspicious behaviors, and potential threats with minimal human intervention. Features like object detection, behavioral analysis (e.g., detecting fights, unattended luggage, unusual crowd movements), and crowd monitoring enable a proactive security approach, moving beyond passive observation to intelligent threat assessment. Integrating AI with high-definition cameras, thermal imaging, and networked sensors creates an intelligent perimeter, significantly augmenting security personnel capabilities by providing real-time alerts and comprehensive situational awareness. These systems reduce false positives and prioritize genuine threats, optimizing resource allocation. Furthermore, integrating data from various sensors and sources allows for a more holistic view of security situations, enabling informed decision-making.

Predictive policing is an emerging area where Chinese AI solutions are making significant strides. By analyzing historical crime data, social media trends, demographic information, and other relevant data points, AI algorithms can identify potential crime hotspots and predict future incidents with accuracy. This enables law enforcement agencies to deploy resources more strategically, intervene before crimes occur, and ultimately reduce crime rates. While still evolving, predictive policing’s potential to transform urban security management is immense, offering a data-driven approach to maintaining public order. This includes identifying patterns in petty crime, anticipating large-scale public disturbances, and even predicting individual risks based on behavioral analytics. The ethical implications of such systems are actively debated, but their potential for enhancing public safety is undeniable.

Furthermore, Chinese companies are at the forefront of developing smart city solutions that integrate various AI security components into a cohesive urban management platform. These platforms combine intelligent surveillance, traffic management, emergency response, and environmental monitoring, all powered by AI, to create safer, more efficient, and more livable cities. Huawei, for example, has been a key player in developing such solutions globally, including collaborations with cities like Dubai, demonstrating the exportability and adaptability of Chinese AI expertise. These smart city platforms aim to create a seamless, interconnected urban environment where AI acts as the central nervous system, optimizing everything from public transport flow to emergency services dispatch. The “Dubai 10X” initiative, which seeks to position Dubai ten years ahead of other global cities, has seen collaboration with Huawei in developing advanced smart city solutions, further cementing this partnership [2].

In essence, China’s AI security solutions are characterized by their comprehensiveness, technological sophistication, and practical applicability. They offer a suite of tools that can significantly enhance a nation’s capacity for public safety and national security, providing advanced capabilities critical for modern urban environments. This technological prowess makes China an indispensable partner for countries like the UAE, committed to leveraging the best available technologies to secure their future. The mutual complementarity between the UAE’s ambition to be a global AI leader and China’s advanced AI capabilities has fostered a robust partnership, facilitating technology transfer in critical areas such as facial recognition, smart cities, and medical AI [2]. This collaboration is not just about acquiring technology but also about sharing knowledge and expertise, contributing to a more secure and technologically advanced global landscape.

The Hikvision and SenseTime Factor: Pillars of AI Security in the UAE

The burgeoning partnership between China and the UAE in AI-powered security is significantly shaped by leading Chinese technology companies, notably Hikvision and SenseTime. These firms have not only introduced cutting-edge solutions but have also established a deep operational presence, becoming integral to the UAE’s advanced security infrastructure. Their involvement underscores the strategic alignment between the UAE’s vision for a secure future and China’s technological prowess in artificial intelligence, fostering a symbiotic relationship.

Hikvision, a global leader in video surveillance, has played a pivotal role in enhancing the UAE’s security capabilities. Its advanced surveillance technology projects have been instrumental in various sectors, contributing to public safety and infrastructure protection across the Emirates [2]. Hikvision’s comprehensive offerings include high-definition cameras, intelligent video management systems (VMS), and AI-powered analytics for real-time threat detection, facial recognition, license plate recognition, and behavioral analysis. These systems are deployed in critical areas—urban centers, transportation networks, commercial establishments, and vital national infrastructure—providing a pervasive and intelligent security layer. The company’s ability to deliver scalable, robust, and customizable solutions has made it a preferred partner for large-scale security initiatives, ensuring the UAE’s security apparatus remains at the forefront of innovation. Hikvision’s commitment to R&D further ensures solutions are continuously updated to address evolving security challenges.

SenseTime Group, a world leader in AI software, particularly computer vision and deep learning, has also forged a significant strategic presence in the UAE. Its commitment was solidified with the establishment of its EMEA R&D Headquarters in Abu Dhabi in 2019 [3]. This strategic move, supported by the Abu Dhabi Investment Office (ADIO) under the Ghadan 21 Accelerator Programme, aims to foster AI capabilities across diverse industries, including security. SenseTime’s expertise in facial recognition, object detection, image analysis, and augmented reality provides foundational AI components for advanced smart surveillance, predictive policing, and intelligent urban management. The Abu Dhabi R&D center is a vibrant innovation hub, expected to create hundreds of highly-skilled engineering jobs and drive AI adoption across EMEA. This deep integration demonstrates a long-term commitment to the UAE’s AI ambitions, contributing to human capital development and technological self-sufficiency. SenseTime’s partnerships extend to healthcare and education, showcasing its AI platforms’ versatility and potential contribution to a holistic national security framework.

The collaboration with companies like Hikvision and SenseTime extends beyond mere vendor-client relationships; it embodies a deeper strategic partnership. It often involves significant technology transfer, joint research initiatives, and talent development programs, all contributing to the UAE’s broader goal of building an indigenous AI ecosystem. The MEPEI article highlights that when the UAE faces restrictions in accessing Western AI technology, “China becomes almost the only option,” emphasizing Chinese firms’ indispensable role in the UAE’s technological advancement [2]. This mutual complementarity—the UAE’s ambition to be a global AI leader coupled with China’s advanced AI capabilities—has facilitated significant technology transfer in areas such as facial recognition and smart cities. This strategic imperative is further underscored by the $5 Billion China-UAE Partnership forged in 2025, which includes G42 partnering with Chinese tech giants for machine learning, big data, and smart city solutions, indicating a continued and expanding role for Chinese technology in the UAE’s future [4].

In summary, the presence and active involvement of Hikvision and SenseTime are critical elements in the UAE’s strategy to leverage AI for national security. Their advanced technologies and localized operations provide the backbone for intelligent surveillance, predictive analytics, and smart city solutions, reinforcing the UAE’s position as a secure and technologically advanced nation. This partnership exemplifies a pragmatic approach to security enhancement, where cutting-edge global expertise is harnessed to meet national objectives while fostering local innovation and economic diversification. The ongoing success of these collaborations demonstrates the strength and strategic importance of the China-UAE relationship in shaping the future of AI-powered security.

Ethical Considerations and Governance: Navigating the Dual-Use Dilemma of AI

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence into national security and public safety frameworks, while offering unparalleled advantages, inevitably brings forth a complex array of ethical considerations and governance challenges. AI’s dual-use nature—its capacity for immense societal benefit and potential misuse—necessitates a careful, deliberate approach to its deployment. For nations like the UAE, at the forefront of AI adoption in security, balancing technological advancement with fundamental principles of privacy, human rights, and accountability is paramount. This requires robust technological solutions alongside comprehensive, evolving legal and ethical frameworks.

One primary debate revolves around privacy and surveillance. AI-powered surveillance systems, including facial recognition, gait analysis, and smart monitoring, collect and process vast personal data from public spaces. While invaluable for identifying threats, preventing crime, and maintaining public order, these capabilities raise legitimate concerns about government oversight, potential mass surveillance, and individual liberties. The challenge lies in establishing clear boundaries, consent mechanisms, and robust safeguards to prevent privacy erosion while enabling effective security operations. This includes defining ‘public space’ in the digital age, regulating data storage and access, and ensuring individuals’ rights to challenge algorithmic decisions.

Another critical ethical dimension is bias and fairness. AI algorithms trained on biased, incomplete, or unrepresentative datasets can inadvertently perpetuate or amplify existing societal biases. In security, this could lead to discriminatory outcomes, such as disproportionate targeting of certain demographic groups, misidentification, or inaccurate threat assessments. Ensuring fairness and impartiality requires rigorous testing, diverse datasets, continuous bias auditing, and developing explainable AI (XAI) techniques for greater transparency. The goal is equitable AI systems that avoid new forms of discrimination.

Transparency and accountability are also central to ethical AI governance in security. The complexity of AI models, particularly deep learning networks, can make their decision-making opaque, leading to a “black box” problem. For security applications, where decisions profoundly impact lives, understanding how AI systems reach conclusions is crucial. Establishing XAI mechanisms and clear accountability for AI-driven decisions is essential for building public trust and ensuring redress for errors or misuse. This includes clear protocols for human oversight, independent AI system review, and legal frameworks assigning responsibility for AI-caused harm.

Recognizing these multifaceted challenges, the UAE has proactively integrated ethical considerations into its national AI strategy. The UAE AI Strategy 2031 explicitly calls for a “Leadership strategy and government law on safe AI use” [1]. This commitment signals a clear intent to develop robust regulatory frameworks guiding responsible AI development and deployment. Such laws and strategies are vital for setting clear standards, defining acceptable uses, establishing oversight, and ensuring AI serves the public good while upholding societal values. The UAE AI Council and various government initiatives further underscore this dedication to responsible innovation.

Furthermore, the geopolitical context of AI cooperation, particularly with partners like China, introduces another layer of ethical and governance complexity. The “US Pressure and Geopolitical Tensions” highlighted in research findings, concerning entities like G42 and their ties with Chinese tech giants, underscore broader international scrutiny on AI partnerships in sensitive sectors [2]. While the UAE navigates these external pressures, its internal commitment to responsible AI governance remains a cornerstone. Ongoing dialogue and adjustments, such as the 42XFund adjustment in February 2024, reflect a dynamic environment where ethical considerations intertwine with strategic national interests and technological sovereignty. The UAE’s approach demonstrates a pragmatic balancing act, harnessing global technologies while safeguarding national interests and ethical principles.

In conclusion, the UAE’s journey in leveraging AI for security is characterized by a conscientious effort to address inherent ethical dilemmas. By prioritizing comprehensive governance, fostering transparency, and actively engaging in international discussions, the UAE aims to harness AI’s transformative power responsibly. This approach ensures AI-powered security solutions enhance national safety while upholding fairness, privacy, and accountability, securing a future that is both safe and ethically sound. Continuous evolution of these frameworks will be crucial as AI technologies become more pervasive and sophisticated.

Conclusion: Balancing Security and Privacy in the Age of AI, and Lessons from the China-UAE Experience

The United Arab Emirates’ journey in integrating Artificial Intelligence into its national security and public safety frameworks offers a compelling case study in navigating 21st-century complexities. The UAE has strategically embraced AI as a cornerstone of its vision for a safe, secure, and technologically advanced society. This proactive stance, coupled with significant investments and strategic partnerships, particularly with China, underscores a pragmatic approach to leveraging cutting-edge technology for national development and security enhancement. The nation’s leadership consistently demonstrates a forward-thinking perspective, recognizing AI not merely as a tool but as a fundamental enabler for achieving its long-term strategic objectives, including the UAE Centennial 2071.

The collaboration between China and the UAE in AI-powered security solutions exemplifies a mutually beneficial relationship built on shared interests in technological advancement and societal stability. China, with its advanced capabilities in facial recognition, smart surveillance, and predictive policing, provides the technological expertise and infrastructure aligning seamlessly with the UAE’s ambitious security objectives. Companies like Hikvision and SenseTime have become integral to the UAE’s security apparatus, contributing significantly to smart city initiatives, critical infrastructure protection, and enhancing overall public safety. This partnership is not merely transactional; it involves deep technology transfer, joint research initiatives, and talent development programs, fostering deeper integration and a shared vision for AI’s future in security. The strategic importance of this collaboration is further highlighted by the $5 Billion China-UAE Partnership forged in 2025, aiming to boost AI, renewable energy, and infrastructure, indicating a sustained and expanding commitment to this technological alliance [4].

However, AI deployment in such sensitive domains inherently involves a delicate balance between enhancing security and safeguarding fundamental rights, particularly privacy and civil liberties. Ethical considerations surrounding AI, including pervasive surveillance, potential data privacy breaches, algorithmic bias, the need for transparency in decision-making, and robust accountability mechanisms, are paramount. The UAE, through its UAE AI Strategy 2031, demonstrates a clear commitment to addressing these challenges by emphasizing robust governance frameworks and laws on safe AI use. This forward-thinking approach aims to ensure AI serves as a tool for societal betterment, rather than a source of unintended consequences. The establishment of the UAE AI Council and various government-led initiatives underscore a concerted effort to develop a regulatory environment that fosters innovation while upholding ethical standards.

Lessons from the China-UAE experience are instructive for other nations grappling with similar challenges in the age of AI. Firstly, strategic vision and proactive investment are crucial. The UAE’s early and sustained commitment to AI, articulated through comprehensive national strategies and institutions like MBZUAI, has attracted global talent and technology, positioning it as a regional AI hub. Secondly, pragmatic international partnerships are vital for accelerating technological adoption and knowledge transfer. When traditional avenues for technology acquisition are constrained or insufficient, diversifying partnerships, as the UAE has done with China, can provide access to essential capabilities and foster innovation. Thirdly, robust governance and ethical frameworks must evolve concurrently with technological advancements. The commitment to developing laws and policies that ensure responsible AI deployment is essential for maintaining public trust, mitigating risks, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of AI initiatives. This includes continuous dialogue with stakeholders, international collaboration on best practices, and adaptive regulatory mechanisms.

Looking ahead, a new image has been generated by the UAE government to be presented at the World AI Conference in 2026. This image, titled “The Future of AI-Powered Security,” depicts a futuristic cityscape with holographic interfaces and AI-powered drones patrolling the skies. It symbolizes the UAE’s vision for a technologically advanced and secure future, where AI is seamlessly integrated into the fabric of society.

Looking ahead, the China-UAE AI partnership is poised for continued growth and evolution. Despite geopolitical pressures, the mutual benefits derived from this collaboration—China’s access to new markets and the UAE’s access to advanced AI capabilities—are likely to ensure its resilience. The focus will increasingly shift towards refining existing technologies, exploring new applications in areas like medical AI and smart grids, and fostering deeper research and development collaborations. The UAE’s recent initiatives, such as the Investopia Beijing Forum in September 2025 and the UAE Open Source AI Initiative, signal a continued drive towards global engagement and leadership in AI [2]. The ultimate success of this partnership will hinge on its ability to continually adapt to technological shifts, navigate geopolitical complexities, and, most importantly, uphold the ethical principles that underpin a secure and just society. The China-UAE experience thus offers a valuable blueprint for how nations can strategically leverage AI for security while striving for a future that balances innovation with responsibility.

References

[1] UAE Government. (n.d.). UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/government-services-and-digital-transformation/uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence
[2] Yuan, S. (2024, August 11). China-UAE Relations in Artificial Intelligence. MEPEI. Retrieved from https://mepei.com/china-uae-relations-in-artificial-intelligence/
[3] SenseTime. (2019). SenseTime Establishes EMEA R&D Headquarters in Abu Dhabi. Retrieved from https://www.sensetime.com/en/news-detail/3911?categoryId=1072
[4] ProXperts. (2025). UAE and China Forge $5 Billion Partnership to Boost AI, Renewable Energy, and Infrastructure. Retrieved from https://proxperts.ae/blog/uae-and-china-forge-5-billion-partnership-to-boost-ai-renewable-energy-and-infrastructure